The Role of Competition in the Rise of Baroque and Renaissance Music     

Roland?VaubelEmail author 《Journal of Cultural Economics》2005,29(4):277-297

Section 1 introduces the hypothesis that competition among neighboring states may favor cultural innovation, and it surveys the available quantitative evidence. Section 2 starts from the assumption that European instrumental music had its breakthrough during the Baroque era and that the most famous composers came from the two countries characterized by the highest degree of political fragmentation: Italy and Germany. It suggests that political fragmentation has promoted musical composition and performance in several ways. The average duration of employment is proposed as a proxy for competition on the demand side. Section 3 shows that the most famous Italian and German composers of the Baroque period changed their employers significantly more often than their French and British counterparts did. Moreover, the Reformation led to musical competition between the Catholic and Protestant churches. Section 4 argues that competition for composers has also been important in other periods of European history – including competition between the Church and the courts. It shows that composers moved no less in the Renaissance than in the Baroque. Section 5 raises the question whether European music may also be said to express a competitive spirit. JEL classification: Z11  相似文献   

Editorial     

Roland S. Persson 《High Ability Studies》2001,12(2):157-158

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The relationships among independence of work habits,attitude, and achievement in an audio-tutorial physical science course     

Roland R. Pare  John W. Butzow 《科学教学研究杂志》1975,12(1):1-3

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科技创新中心的人才建设从基础开始:德国中小学创新教育的启示——著名“战略大师”、德国罗兰贝格管理咨询有限公司创始人罗兰·贝格专访     

罗兰·贝格  林昕 《外国中小学教育》2015,(2):1-4

创新教育是指为迎接知识经济时代的挑战,以培养学生创新精神、创新能力、批判性思维为基本价值取向的教育。围绕习近平同志提出希望上海"加快向具有全球影响力的科技创新中心进军"的要求,上海对于"全球科技创新中心城市应具有哪些特征和内涵"、"如何建设具有全球影响力的科技创新中心"进行了研讨和筹划,许多专家指出,培育具有创新素质的人才是建设科技创新中心城市的基本内涵之一。2014年10月举行的浦江创新论坛以"协同创新、共享机遇"为主题,本刊特约记者在论坛上就全球创新中心城市建设与中小学教育中的创新教育、德国中小学的创新学习与创新教育(Kreatives Lernen & Innovative Lehr)对罗兰贝格教授进行了专访。  相似文献   

Teachers’ Autonomy in Today's Educational Climate: Current Perceptions From an Acceptable Instrument     

Luman E. G. Strong  Roland K. Yoshida 《Educational Studies A Journal of the American Educational Studies Association》2014,50(2):123-145

This research evaluated the psychometric properties of Friedman's (1999) Teacher Work-Autonomy Scale (TWA) to determine whether it was an acceptable instrument to measure U.S. teacher autonomy in the present educational context. A second purpose was to ascertain the current status of teachers’ perceptions of their autonomy from a sample of U.S. teachers. Four hundred seventy-seven teachers from three public schools in Michigan participated in this study for a response rate of 30%. Factor analysis confirmed the multifaceted nature of teacher autonomy; however, somewhat different factor structures were found for the elementary and secondary teachers in this study, in comparison to that of Friedman. The TWA, without major modifications, appeared to be a valid and reliable instrument for use with a U.S. secondary sample but with limitation with an elementary sample. Elementary and secondary teachers perceived autonomy in the different factors in identical order, but with significant differences between their scores. Differences in school structure and conceptions of autonomy may have contributed to grade-level discrepancies. The findings suggest that administrators may be able to enhance teacher autonomy by releasing some of their power to include teachers in school leadership, specifically in the two areas teachers perceived with lowest autonomy: school finances and professional development.  相似文献   

Exercise-based injury prevention in football     

Oliver Faude  Nikki Rommers  Roland Rössler 《Sportwissenschaft》2018,48(2):157-168

Injuries—a major concern in a high-intensity contact sport like football—are associated with possible short- and long-term harmful consequences for the individual, the team and club as well as for the whole society. Consequently, there is need for effective injury prevention in football at all levels of play, in all age groups and in both genders. The present review summarizes the current scientific evidence focusing on exercise-based injury prevention and presenting promising prevention strategies in different football populations and settings. There is convincing evidence that multimodal exercise-based injury prevention programs (IPP) can reduce injury incidence by more than 30% in athletes of different age groups and in both genders. Although relevant effects have already been shown for short sessions, increased frequency and regular integration into normal practice may increase efficacy up to an injury reduction of 50%. Most programs last about 15?min and can easily replace traditional warm-up programs. Furthermore, there is increasing evidence that IPP beneficially affect neuromuscular performance parameters and biomechanical movement characteristics, which are associated with injury risk. There remains, however, a major gap between research on the short-term efficacy and long-term intervention strategies. IPP should be implemented continuously and with high fidelity as training effects are transient. It is crucial that future studies report implementation components in detail in order to facilitate the replication of successful interventions.  相似文献